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Who lives in a Pineapple under the sea?
Posted on September 14, 2011 at 12:53 AM |
Mom and Dad warned that television would rot your brain, and a new
study suggests it's true — at least from certain frenetic-style
cartoons.
Kids who watched just nine minutes of the fast-paced children's cartoon "SpongeBob SquarePants"
did worse afterward at tasks requiring focus and self-control than did
kids who watched a slow-paced cartoon and kids who entertained
themselves by coloring.The study was small, and scientists weren't sure how long the brain-drain effect persists. But the research highlights the importance not just of how much TV a child watches, but of what kind, said Dimitri Christakis of the Seattle Children's Research Institute at the University of Washington.
Christakis was not involved in the study, but penned an accompanying
editorial appearing today (Sept. 12) in the journal Pediatrics."It's not … all television that creates deficits in attention," Christakis told LiveScience. "It's the pacing of the program, what we call the 'formal features,' that actually matter."RELATED: The six best children's books, chosen by kidsKids and cartoonsEarlier
observation studies returned mixed results on the effect of television
on child development, but there have been enough red flags to concern
researchers. For example, in a study published in 2009 in the Archives
of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Christakis found that
television time decreases the verbal back-and-forth between parents and young kids, potentially stifling children's language and social development. [11 Facts Parents Should Know About Their Baby's Brain]The new study, led by University of Virginia psychologist Angeline Lillard,
sought to find out whether the type of TV that children watch makes a
difference. The researchers recruited 60 4-year-olds (via their parents)
and assigned them to one of three conditions. In the first, the
children simply colored for nine minutes. In the second, they watched
nine minutes of "a very popular fantastical cartoon about an animated
sponge that lives under the sea." The third group of children watched
nine minutes of "a realistic Public Broadcasting Service cartoon about a typical U.S. preschool-age boy."Lillard
was not available for an interview to confirm the shows used, but the
descriptions match the cartoon "SpongeBob SquarePants" and the PBS show
"Caillou."The shows were chosen for their very different pacing.
"SpongeBob" underwent a complete scene change every 11 seconds, with
lots of frenetic movement in between, the researchers reported. The PBS
show was slower, with a scene change every 34 seconds or so.Children's
shows have become faster-paced over the years even as children watch
more television, Christakis said. In the 1970s, children started
watching TV at age 4. Today the average age for beginning to watch
television is 4 months. The Kaiser Family Foundation estimates that two-thirds of infants and toddlers spend an average of two hours a day watching TV or another screen. The concern is that overstimulation from hyperactive shows will tax the brain, leading to trouble focusing later.SOUND OFF: How much television viewing do you allow your children each week?Testing self-controlAfter
the kids finished watching television or coloring, the researchers had
them complete a variety of tasks to measure executive control, or the
mental ability to focus, avoid distraction and control oneself. Kids did
a directions-following test involving moving disks from one peg to
another, played a "Simon Says"-like
game in which they were asked to touch their head, toes or other parts,
and practiced repeating sequences of numbers backwards.The researchers also gave the kids the famed "marshmallow test,"
a common challenge for children's self-control. The researchers put out
either marshmallows or Goldfish crackers (depending on which the child
preferred) and left the room. Before they left, they told the kids that
they could ring a bell and eat two marshmallows or crackers immediately.
But if they waited instead for the experimenters got back, they could
have 10 marshmallows or crackers.This test of willpower has been
shown to predict how much self-control kids will have as adults. That's
important, because self-control and delaying gratification are
considered keys to everything from maintaining good health to building a
successful career.The effect of the boob tubeThe
researchers tallied and placed the kids' scores on a standardized scale
to compare how well each group did. They found that "SpongeBob"
watchers scored consistently more poorly across the board. For example,
the average standardized score for a child who watched the PBS program
on the marshmallow test was around 0.2. For a child who'd watched the
frenetic cartoon, it was close to minus 0.5.Kids who watched the
slow-paced cartoon performed on the same level as kids who spent their
time coloring, indicating that it wasn't the act of TV watching that was
causing the deficit, but the type of TV being watched."It would
be wrong for people to overgeneralize this and say 'SpongeBob' is a bad
show and 'Caillou' is a good show," Christakis said. "It's not about the
specific shows. It's about the features of those shows."A show like "Sesame Street"
is more naturally paced, according to Christakis. Theoretically, that
would mean that "Sesame Street" isn't so likely to tax kids' brains, but
that theory hasn't been tested. A 1977 study published in the journal
Educational Technology Research
and Development compared the cognitive effects of fast-paced versus
slow-paced "Sesame Street" episodes and found no difference between the
two. But a 2004 study in the journal Perceptual & Motor Skills noted
that "Sesame Street" itself has picked up the pace since the 1970s, and
no one has studied modern episodes.The researchers aren't yet
sure how long the struggles with executive function persist or how
children younger and older than in this study sample are affected, but
Christakis said observational research suggests that long-term media
exposure can have long-term impacts.
More and larger studies are needed to answer those questions, he said,
but the current research should strike a cautionary chord for parents." At
minimum, I think parents should take home from this study that I would
not encourage them to watch 'SpongeBob' just before their kindergarten
assessments," Christakis said. |
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